Challenges Faced:

transforming the ecosystem of mandera municipality faced many challenges,which includes the following;
1.seed and seedlings availability- lack of seed and seedlings slow down the restoration program and to some extent the reduced the level of biodiversity.
2.seed storage; initially county government did not stored enough seeds and therefore this reduced the diversity of species in reforestation sites.
3.staffing; county government of mandera and other forestry organisation in mandera county need more staff, training and technologies.
4.time; afforestation is along time process and trees take time .
5. water scarcity; the fact that mandera is arid land there was water challenge during restoration program.
5.cost;the cost associated with cordination,stakeholder holder engagement and implement was expensive.
6climatic extremes; climate extremes affected the rate different plant could have donimated the area.

Root Cause:

generally the causes of deforestation in mandera county is as follows;
1.there are unregulated charcoal products
2.logging and over grazing of livestock
3.cutting of trees for farming
4. human activities such as mining.
5.human settlement and urbanisation.

Lessons Learnt:

the lesson learned from the transforming of arid lands mandera town includes;
1.the importance of commuinty participation in ecosystem restoration
2.long term planning and sustainabilty,planning for long term.
3.understing factors that affect participation
4.adhering to international standards.

Recommendations:

1.combat deforestation
2.improve biodiversity
3..mitigate climate change.