Challenges Faced:

Other than physical attacks, which in turn invited retaliatory killings from the community, the animals destroyed crops, heightening poverty and food insecurity in an environment where dry seasons stretch for as long as seven months and have been getting progressively more severe due to climate change.

Root Cause:

1. The shrinking wildlife habitats causes there to be more interactions between the people and wildlife, and this results in conflicts.
2. Water scarcity in the semi arid landscape contributes to the conflicts.

Lessons Learnt:

1. The two-strand fence installed at a height of 2 meters, is an effective deterrent against elephant intrusion, it is designed to allow humans, livestock, and smaller mammals to walk through. This enables the community to cultivate crops, herd livestock, and go about their daily lives without fear of attacks or property damage from elephants.

Recommendations:

1. Human and wildlife can co-exist peaceably when an exclusion fence is put up.
2. Farmers can invest in smart agriculture, for them to become food secure and more tolerant to wildlife.
3. Water provision to farmers in the semi arid landscapes is a deterrent to the conflicts with wildlife.
4. using green energy by providing households with energy-saving cooking stoves and solar panels for lighting and charging mobile phones. The stoves use less firewood, which protects natural habitats, while the solar panels enable families to save money they would have otherwise spent on kerosene